All change on renewables

In my October post, I gave the impression that the case for the wind turbine was all cut and dried. It wasn't, as it turned out, and was a lesson to me on accepting real data as real. I had very much wanted a turbine for two reasons: 1. when the wind blows strongly, it's generally the time you need energy; 2. our location in NW Wales should have been pretty good for windiness. This latter assumption was strongly backed up by the two national databases of wind speed averages and predicted power output. The latter, as it turns out, was wildly optimistic.

NIMBY neighbours do us a favour: We had a tense meeting with our downwind neighbours, arranged to test the waters before formally applying for planning permission. They were implacably opposed to anything visible or audible and I found myself having a little sympathy with their views such that we agreed to go back to the drawing board and see if there were alternative sites or just alternatives. So, Val and I had another look at the results for the average wind speed yielded by the anemometry; the real data. I had previously suspected the anemometer of under-recording wind speeds and, with this in mind, we had checked its calibration by holding it out of the car window at different speeds on a calm day. It was spot on.

And the real average wind speed? I had two results from the anemometer read-outs. One was the average wind speed and the other was the average gust speed. I had - wrongly as it turned out - assumed that the true average would be the average of these two averages (the 5.1m/s figure I quoted in the earlier post). I was always worried about this assumption and had made efforts to find out the correct position, so I posted a question of Green Building Forum and Val phoned an anemometer company and discussed the issue with an expert. The upshot of Val's chat was that we should totally ignore gusts! So that means that the windspeed on my best exposed site in windy north Wales is a paltry 3.58m/s, averaged over almost 12 months! So a wind turbine is out for the best reason of all: there really isn't enough wind on this site. The anemometry and neighbours' complaints saved us from jumping to the conclusion, fostered by the databases I mentioned above, that windpower was for us. So we are saved from acrimonious disputes and almost inevitable planning rejection, from appeals and from building a 25k pound white elephant!

So we're now looking at photovoltaics for which no planning consent is needed. Feed in tariffs of around 36 pence/kWh make this a viable option.

The moral of this story: If you're thinking of putting up a turbine, do the anemometry and believe the results!

Planning for wind

I have just written to our local planning officer to find out how the land lies for a full planning application for our intended Proven 6kW turbine.

Why a wind turbine? As you may have read in earlier posts, we propose to install a small wind turbine on our farm in Llangybi, north west Wales. We have two reasons for wanting to undertake this project: firstly we feel we have to do what we can to help combat climate change and are already doing what we can. We have grandchildren and are concerned about the world they will inherit. In this windy area, a turbine is easily the most practical way for us to more than neutralise our carbon footprints. As we approach the critical United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, our own government exhorts us all to take action (Act On CO2). This we want to do. Secondly, the turbine should generate a useful income (particularly with Feed In Tariffs) and thus become an additional diversification for our main farm business of growing vegetables in a co-operative for our local box scheme. Details of this environmentally friendly scheme are available on the Llangybi Organics website.

The Site: This is to be in the centre of our land, as far from neighbours as possible whilst consistent with being appropriate for turbine location. You can also view the site on a Google map (a pin marks the spot and the high-resolution satellite imagery shows the hedgerows clearly ).

Windspeed data: A viable average windspeed for microgeneration is generally taken as 5m/sec. How do we best know what our average windspeed actually is?

• NOABL (BIS) database gives 5.3 - 5.6m/sec for 10m above ground level (agl) (grid squares SH4341 and 4241 in which the turbine will actually be located) and 6.1 - 6.3m/sec at 25m agl. Turbine hub height of 15m agl should receive an average of 5.7 - 5.8m/sec.
• Carbon Trust Wind Yield Estimation Tool gives 6.0m/sec at 15m hub height with anticipated 13,885 kWh/y generation potential with corresponding CO2 saving of 7.456 tonnes/y
• Anemometry from October 2008-October 2009 on exactly the planned site with anemometer 11m agl has given average wind (in a year with long periods of blocking anticyclones) at 5.1m/sec based on 147,331 data points. For a description of this, see my previous post. [By the way, this complete set of equipment is now for sale so if you're interested, let me know by way of a comment with your email address. This includes the data logger base station, anemometer and everything needed to connect to a PC including software and cables, the 11.5m mast and supporting gear. I have even calibrated the anemometer. About 100 pounds for the lot!]
  

Distance from neighbours

Cae Du (upwind for the prevailing southwesterlies) c.160m
Llwyn Helyg (downwind) c.200m
Brongybi (to west) completely shielded by intervening woodland

Turbine details: Proven 6kW on 15m mast (high enough to avoid turbulence from hedgerows and a serious reduction in performance). The installation will be about 60m from our house where it will be connected to the grid via an inverter. Its slow rotation speed and direct drive (no gearbox) means that this turbine is both reliable and the quietest on the market in its class (e.g. 45dBA at 5m/sec). The result is that noise from the turbine is reduced to the swish of the blades turning in the wind, virtually unnoticeable compared with

background sound. See and hear examples from our intended installer's website. And yes, we have been and stood underneath these turbines and they really don't make much noise. The more the wind blows, the more noise there is from the wind in the trees and hedges which tends to drown out the increased whooshing of the turbine.

We await the planner's views before we pay something like 300 pounds just to ask for permission. In this day and age, you'd think every small farm like ours would be encouraged by government to put up turbines. It may come as permitted development rules change and the urgency for tackling climate change finally sinks in.

Shooting the breeze

We've started on the road to finding out whether a wind turbine is feasible on the farm. The turbine we have in mind, a Proven 6kW, costs in excess of £20,000 fully installed so we want to be sure that this is money well spent. So we've started logging wind speed and we'll continue to do this for 6 months at least. To be properly viable, we need average speeds of over 5 metres per second (m/sec or about 11 mph) at the height of the turbine hub; that's about 15 metres above the ground. As I write, the wind is blowing at double this speed. But how did we get a setup working to do this? That's the point of this post because I could find very little help on the practicalities of how to do this. I hope others will find our experiences helpful.

Logging wind speed: The basic idea is to get an anemometer up in the air as high up as the turbine would be and then log its readings for as long as possible. Fifteen metres is quite a height so we settled for 11.5m which we achieved by buying 8 lengths of swaged (one end made smaller so that it fits inside the next pole piece) aluminum pole with the other bits and pieces needed to support it in strong winds. I found an excellent company called Moonraker which sells masts, spiders (clamps which fit on the mast at intervals and enable you to attach guys) and guys. I've already given details of the anemometer we're using. There's a slide show here so that you can see the stages of erecting the mast.

How to put up a mast: First, do a scale drawing. The scale I used was 1cm to 1 metre (1:100). You need a map view (as if seen from above) and a vertical section. These drawings allow you to work out exactly how long the guys will be. The angles between the guys and the ground should be 45 degrees. For an 11-metre mast, experience tells us that you need four spider clamps for attaching guys at 120 degrees (map view) to each other to give maximum possible stability. (We tried putting up the mast using just two spiders and quickly realised that they were not sufficient and so took the mast down again.)

Then you need to lay out the locations on the ground of the guy anchors and mast base. This is easily done with a 30m tape and compass. Extreme accuracy isn't needed. Mark the positions with sticks. Next, number the mast sections and work out from your drawing where to attach the spiders so that they are equidistant all the way to almost the top (thus leaving space for the actual anemometer). For guy anchors, I used pieces of reinforcing bar and other pieces of scrap steel I had lying around. Hammer these into the ground at 45 degrees away from the pole and attach the guys to them. I made fencing wire to make eyes for the nylon 3mm guys, top and bottom, so they don't chafe. It's all rather like putting up a tent.

Up it goes: Erecting the mast requires you to have some kind of platform at least half the height so that someone - in our case, Mark, our neighbour - can stand safely and guide the pole as you add pieces from the bottom. I have a scaffold tower and this was perfect for the job. You can hire these. When all is ready, you start by fixing the anemometer to the top piece and then attaching the first 3 guys to the spider directly below (see photo above and also the slide show). I held the mast and lifted it up as Val added the next pieces. The whole mast is no more than about 10 kilograms so this is easy enough. Each time a piece with a spider went on, Val would fetch the respective guy, pre-laid out and cut to the right length, and attach it to the spider with a secure knot. And so on... Mark was up on the platform guiding it and monitoring the spider angles so that the anemometer itself was aligned East-West and the spiders were all in line. Val would also tape the anemometer feed cable to the mast every metre so that it didn't flap about. Sounds complicated but it wasn't. The whole thing went up in about 10 minutes. The secret is in good preparation and treble checking that everything is where it should be and amply long enough in the case of the guys. So far, the mast has stood up to a gale without problems. Plenty more gales can be expected, for we're approaching winter and the jet stream steers plenty of heavy weather across Wales.

Sit back and watch the data! Not just yet. The final stages are to adjust all the guys so that they mast is vertical as seen from anywhere. It helps to have a long spirit level to do this. Guy adjustment is easy using standard tent guy adjusters, available from camping shops. We were tweaking the adjustments for the next day or so as the winds picked up, but don't overtighten. The anemometer feed cable plugs into a battery-powered radio transmitter which we taped near the base of the mast. This transmits the wind speed and direction data to the receiving base station. I find that the reception is fine on the kitchen windowledge, within line-of-sight and about 70 metres away from the mast. Once this is all set up, the data starts rolling in. The base station can collect data every 5 minutes for about 6 days and has a port which allows you to connect it to your computer and download all the stored data. There's a program which comes with the weather station which processes this data and presents it to you either as a list or a graph. And that's it. I've had it running for 5 days so far and it's fascinating to see the results (image below: green lines are gust speeds and red the general wind speed. Click this image for a larger version). Next, I have to find a program which will read tens of thousands of datapoints (1 every 5 minutes for months) and give me the figure we need for average wind speed. I can import the data into Excel but I don't know how to get the program to calculate an average. I'm sure I can find out!

Wind turbine: the start

Beginnings: We've started the lengthy business of investigating the possibility of installing a wind turbine. I'd already homed in on Proven as being the best of the bunch of small wind turbines. The 6kW machine looks like the one we'd opt for, the aim being to provide much of our power and to export the surplus to the grid. The video is of one of the four 6kW Proven turbines which form the backbone of the island of Eigg's grid during a visit in June. Most of the noise is the rumble of the strong wind in the camera's microphone.

Site visit: There are a number of hurdles to leap before any final decision can be made. I requested a visit from Tony Carver of Natural Energy, an approved installer of Proven turbines, who kindly agreed to make a site visit without charge. I showed him the site I thought most likely, within reasonable distance of the house for connection purposes but quite open to the prevailing southwesterly winds, the prevailing wind direction here. He accepted that this was indeed the best option and then erected a 10-metre telescopic 'flag pole' (pictures) with a balloon attached for visibility, just to give an impression of the height of the tower. This wasn't too successful as the day was, ironically, very windy and the thin pole bent like a long fishing rod! Tony and I had both checked the BERR windspeed database for the area. It provides averaged speeds for each kilometre square of the country and so gives a rough idea of what to expect. It suggests a speed of 5 metres per second would be the average at 10 metres above ground level. This is just about enough to make the economics worthwhile. But to be more certain, there's another hurdle to jump before considering the trickiest hurdle of all: planning consent. (I anticipate problems here but hope I might be proven wrong.)

Anemometers away! You can purchase an anemometer kit for just over £100. Tony Carver suggested I should do this and stick the device on a scaffold pole tower for a few months. I have followed up his suggestion and purchased a LaCrosse WS3502 wind station (pictured, in fancy box). This comes with a wireless transmitter and base station. It claims a range of 100 metres so I should be able to pick up the transmissions from the house. It also comes with software to enable all the readings of windspeed and direction to be uploaded to my computer and for averages to be calculated; in short, all I need to find out accurately what the wind speed average at the proposed turbine site actually is. The next stage is to find some way of getting it on a sturdy pole at least 10m high and to that end, I have applied to join the Green Building Forum so I can solicit ideas about how best to do this.
And the economics? Will the outlay be justified? We're looking at a capital cost in excess of £20,ooo. To put it in other terms, that's a lot less than a luxury SUV which is guaranteed to guzzle energy and money. In contrast, this machine -- with a design life of 25 years -- will generate money every time the wind blows above its cut-in speed of around 2.5m/sec. Unlike some turbines, this one doesn't shut down in severe gales. It just carries on generating at its maximum output of 6kW.
When I started thinking about turbines, I did so from the point of view of being green. I no longer see it like that. I'm now interested primarily because the machine can reliably generate money. Which is better? I wondered. Have the money in the bank with inflation going up, stock markets going down and recession looming? Or have the capital asset of a sturdy turbine which could be generating me a thousand or two each year? Add on the rapidly increasing costs of electricity supply, the increasing ROCs (explained here) and the near certainty that even the laggardly 'green' British government will soon have to instigate a feed-in tariff scheme, the cash generation potential of my turbine can only increase. That's what I'd call a good and secure investment... green too!
But it could all come tumbling down at the next two hurdles: wind speed average and planning consent. You'll be hearing from me again...